MariaDB [toyu]> CREATE TABLE courseUpdate(
    ->    cuId        INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, -- surrogate PK.
    ->    `type`      CHAR(1),
    ->     courseId    INT NOT NULL,  -- 5 columns in course table
    ->     rubric      CHAR(4) NOT NULL,
    ->     number      CHAR(4) NOT NULL,
    ->     title       VARCHAR(80) NOT NULL,
    ->     credits     TINYINT NULL,
    ->     ts          TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    ->     CONSTRAINT CourseUpdate_courseId_pk PRIMARY KEY (cuId),
    ->     CONSTRAINT CourseUpdate_deptCode_fk FOREIGN KEY (rubric)
    ->         REFERENCES Department(deptCode));
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.025 sec)

MariaDB [toyu]>      
MariaDB [toyu]>      
MariaDB [toyu]> -- trigger example.
MariaDB [toyu]> DELIMITER $$
MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> CREATE TRIGGER update_Course AFTER UPDATE ON Course FOR EACH ROW
    -> BEGIN
    ->    -- code should be more sophisticated.
    ->    INSERT INTO courseUpdate(`type`, courseId, rubric, number, title, credits)
    ->    VALUES('U', new.courseId, new.rubric, new.number, new.title, new.credits);
    -> END $$
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.013 sec)

MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> CREATE TRIGGER insert_Course AFTER INSERT ON Course FOR EACH ROW
    -> BEGIN
    ->    -- code should be more sophisticated.
    ->    INSERT INTO courseUpdate(`type`, courseId, rubric, number, title, credits)
    ->    VALUES('I', new.courseId, new.rubric, new.number, new.title, new.credits);
    -> END $$
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.009 sec)

MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> DELIMITER ;
MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> SELECT * FROM Course;
+----------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------+---------+
| courseId | rubric | number | title                               | credits |
+----------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------+---------+
|     2000 | CSCI   | 3333   | Data Structures                     |       3 |
|     2001 | CSCI   | 4333   | Design of Database Systems          |       3 |
|     2002 | CSCI   | 5333   | DBMS                                |       3 |
|     2020 | CINF   | 3321   | Introduction to Information Systems |       3 |
|     2021 | CINF   | 4320   | Web Application Development         |       3 |
|     2040 | ITEC   | 3335   | Database Development                |       3 |
|     2041 | ITEC   | 3312   | Introduction to Scripting           |       3 |
|     2060 | ENGL   | 1410   | English I                           |       4 |
|     2061 | ENGL   | 1311   | English II                          |       3 |
|     2080 | ARTS   | 3311   | Hindu Arts                          |       3 |
|     2090 | ACCT   | 3333   | Managerial Accounting               |       3 |
+----------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------+---------+
11 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> UPDATE Course
    -> SET number = 2315
    -> WHERE courseId = 2000;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.005 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> INSERT INTO Course(courseId, rubric, number, title, credits) VALUES
    ->     (4000,'CSCI',3532,'Advanced Data Structures',3);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.002 sec)

MariaDB [toyu]>   
MariaDB [toyu]> UPDATE Course
    -> SET number = 3341
    -> WHERE courseId = 4000;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> SELECT * FROM course;
+----------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------+---------+
| courseId | rubric | number | title                               | credits |
+----------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------+---------+
|     2000 | CSCI   | 2315   | Data Structures                     |       3 |
|     2001 | CSCI   | 4333   | Design of Database Systems          |       3 |
|     2002 | CSCI   | 5333   | DBMS                                |       3 |
|     2020 | CINF   | 3321   | Introduction to Information Systems |       3 |
|     2021 | CINF   | 4320   | Web Application Development         |       3 |
|     2040 | ITEC   | 3335   | Database Development                |       3 |
|     2041 | ITEC   | 3312   | Introduction to Scripting           |       3 |
|     2060 | ENGL   | 1410   | English I                           |       4 |
|     2061 | ENGL   | 1311   | English II                          |       3 |
|     2080 | ARTS   | 3311   | Hindu Arts                          |       3 |
|     2090 | ACCT   | 3333   | Managerial Accounting               |       3 |
|     4000 | CSCI   | 3341   | Advanced Data Structures            |       3 |
+----------+--------+--------+-------------------------------------+---------+
12 rows in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [toyu]> SELECT * FROM courseUpdate;
+------+------+----------+--------+--------+--------------------------+---------+---------------------+
| cuId | type | courseId | rubric | number | title                    | credits | ts                  |
+------+------+----------+--------+--------+--------------------------+---------+---------------------+
|    1 | U    |     2000 | CSCI   | 2315   | Data Structures          |       3 | 2026-03-23 13:42:46 |
|    2 | I    |     4000 | CSCI   | 3532   | Advanced Data Structures |       3 | 2026-03-23 13:42:46 |
|    3 | U    |     4000 | CSCI   | 3341   | Advanced Data Structures |       3 | 2026-03-23 13:42:46 |
+------+------+----------+--------+--------+--------------------------+---------+---------------------+
3 rows in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> -- Clean up.
MariaDB [toyu]> DROP TRIGGER update_Course;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.004 sec)

MariaDB [toyu]> DROP TRIGGER insert_Course;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.002 sec)

MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> DROP TABLE courseUpdate;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.008 sec)

MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> DELETE FROM Course
    -> WHERE CourseId = 4000;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.004 sec)

MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> UPDATE Course
    -> SET number = 3333
    -> WHERE courseId = 2000;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [toyu]> 
MariaDB [toyu]> notee